What is it?

This is a way of making a claim seem authoritative without providing a specific source that can be checked. It gives the impression of evidence without the substance.

Examples

How to Avoid This

Be specific about your sources. Instead of 'experts say', name the experts. Instead of 'studies show', cite the specific studies. This makes your claims more credible and allows your audience to check your work.

How to Counter This

Ask for the specific source. 'Who are 'they'?' 'Which studies are you referring to?' If the person cannot provide a specific source, their claim is much weaker.