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What is it?
This occurs when a source is cited as evidence for a claim, but the source does not actually say what the author claims it does. It can be a result of carelessness or a deliberate attempt to mislead.
Examples
An author claims 'Studies show that this supplement is effective' and links to a study that shows no effect or a negative effect.
A writer claims a historical figure held a certain view and links to a document that does not support that claim.
How to Avoid This
Check your sources carefully. Make sure that they actually support the claims you are making. Be honest about what your sources say, even if it's not exactly what you want them to say.
How to Counter This
Check the sources. If you see a claim that seems surprising or questionable, click the link and see for yourself what the source says. If the citation is inaccurate, you can point this out to discredit the claim.