What is it?
An appeal to authority fallacy occurs when someone uses the opinion of an authority figure or institution to support their argument, instead of providing relevant evidence or reasoning. While expert opinions can be valuable, they're not infallible and shouldn't be the sole basis for an argument.
Examples
Person A: 'Dr. Smith says this supplement works, so it must be effective.'
Person B: 'This investment must be good because a famous billionaire endorsed it.'
How to Avoid This
While expert opinions are valuable, support your arguments with evidence and reasoning. Consider whether the cited authority has relevant expertise in the specific area being discussed.
How to Counter This
Ask for evidence beyond the authority's opinion. You might say, 'What specific evidence led this expert to that conclusion?' or point out if the authority lacks relevant expertise in the specific area.